Assessing the role of live poultry trade in community. Epidemiological and virological differences in humanclustered and sporadic infections with avian influenza a h7n9. Journal publications by the department for respiratory infections in 2017. Avian influenza ai is a highly contagious viral disease affecting several species of food producing birds chickens, turkeys, quails, guinea fowl, etc.
Symptoms are fever, cough, sore throat, headache, and muscle aches. Influenza is an acute viral infection of the respiratory tract that spreads easily. Given the emergence of the current influenza a h1n1 virus, the value of webbased information for early disease detection, public health monitoring, and risk communication has never been as evide. There were 162 cases of cap with pneumonia, 68 of whom were children.
This report included data on 2767 patients, including 77 children. Development of a multiplex probe combinationbased onestep realtime reverse transcriptionpcr for na subtype typing of avian influenza virus skip to main content thank you for visiting. Flu influenza center influenza flu is a respiratory illness caused by a virus. Selected publications and resources related to h7n9. The influenza viruses section of virology journal will publish articles on all aspects of influenza virus research, including molecular genetics, molecular biology.
Influenza research and treatment has ceased publication and is no longer accepting submissions. Epidemiology of avian influenza in india ppt version pdf version. This work is licensed under a creative commons attribution. The highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai h5n1 virus, which is panzootic in poultry, continues to spread and pose a major challenge to animal and human health 50, 260. Flu virus, which primarily infects the upper respiratory tract, is responsible for up to an estimated 500,000 deaths globally each year, the. The type with the greatest risk is highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai. He was the first to propose a parsimonious theory explaining why influenza is, as gregg said, seemingly unmindful of traditional infectious disease behavioral patterns. Information for specific groups avian influenza flu. All previously published articles are available through the table of contents.
Avian influenza and newcastle disease journal of the. Production of pilot lots of inactivated influenza vaccines from. Early release emerging infectious diseases journal. These viruses occur naturally among wild aquatic birds worldwide and can infect domestic poultry and other bird and animal species. This can result in serious infection, particularly in persons at high risk for influenza complications. The 2009 pandemic caused by influenza ah1n1pdm09 virus resulted in more than 18 500 deaths reported worldwide and global estimates that were 15fold higher.
Avian influenza overview november 2019 february2020. Avian influenza refers to the disease caused by infection with avian bird influenza flu type a viruses. Control of avian influenza in poultry pubmed central pmc. The virus has a broad host range in birds and mammals, although the natural reservoir is wild birds where it typically causes an asymptomatic to mild infection. On 18 march 2009, a novel swine origin influenza a h1n1 virus was seen in mexico, then a global outbreak of respiratory illness started. Annex 1testing for attenuation of influenza vaccine strains in mammals. Influenza flu information for parents should my child get a flu vaccination this year. Thus, it is paramount to develop novel strategies to alleviate death rates. Development of a multiplex probe combinationbased one. We determined that these viruses were double or triple reassortant viruses. The yukonkuskokwim delta in western alaska is an important breeding ground for thousands of birds and is located in an area where multiple migratory flyways converge, providing opportunities for infectious agents, like avian influenza virus, to spread.
Each virus had different insertion points in the cleavage site of the hemagglutinin protein compared to the first identified h7n9 virus. Influenza in humans is often referred to as the seasonal flu. Predicting hotspots for influenza virus reassortment. Special issue evolution and pathogenesis of avian and. Like other avian viruses of the h5 and h7 subtypes, h5n1 initially caused only mild disease with symptoms, such as ruffled feathers and. Review article from the new england journal of medicine historical perspective emergence of influenza a h1n1 viruses. We generated transgenic chickens expressing a shorthairpin rna designed to function as a decoy that. The emergence and outbreak of the pandemic virus 2009 h1n1 is still fresh in the minds of many, and there are growing concerns that epidemics of avian influenza virus h5n1 or h7n9 subtype may occur among humans in the future 4, 5. Mar 23, 2011 the 2009 flu pandemic is a global outbreak of a new strain of h1n1 influenza virus. Surveillance of influenza and other respiratory infections in. Influenza virus c influenza c virus, which infects humans, dogs and pigs, sometimes causing both severe illness and local epidemics. A confirmed case of pandemic h1n1 influenza a is defined as an individual with an influenza like illness with laboratoryconfirmed h1n1 influenza a virus detected by original article case series study of the clinical profile of h1n1 swine flu influenza. The hospital death rate was 1% for cases and 1% for controls.
Between 16 november 2019 and 15 february 2020, 36 highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai ah5n8 virus outbreakswere reported in europe in poultry n34, captive birds n1 and wild birds n2, in poland, hungary, slovakia, romania, germany, czechiaand ukraine,one hpai outbreakcaused by a simultaneous infection with ah5n2 and ah5n8 was reported in poultry in bulgaria, andtwo low. The secure food supply plans for poultry, milk, pork and beef were developed to aid producers, transporters and food processors in the event of a foreign animal disease outbreak, like high pathogenicity avian influenza hpai. Aug, 2009 in the 4 months since it was first recognized, the pandemic strain of a novel influenza a h1n1 virus has spread to all continents and, after documentation of humantohuman transmission of the virus in at least three countries in two separate world health organization who regions, the pandemic alert was raised to level 6. Pdf the survival of influenza ah1n1pdm09 virus on 4. Influenza in birds is often referred to as avian influenza, in pigs as swine influenza, in horses as equine influenza and so on.
Novel influenza a h1 n1 novel influenza a h1n1, also called swine flu, is a new strain of influenza that emerged in the united states in the spring of 2009. Role for migratory wild birds in the global spread of. A novel alternative strategy is to develop chickens that are genetically resistant to infection. Neuroinfectious disease journal, pathology journal, influenza. Influenza list of high impact articles ppts journals. The 2009 h1n1 swine influenza pandemic was preceded by alarming predictions of high numbers of emergency department attendances. Articles can be easily accessed from mobile devices including phones and tablets android, apple and more. Influenza is a wellknown viral infectious disease that occurs almost every year epidemically, becoming occasionally pandemic. The american association of avian pathologists announces a new mobilefriendly website for avian diseases. Aug 05, 2015 pdf version h1n1 influenza swine flu virus infection sources. Respiratory specimens were tested, typed, and subtyped for influenza virus by pcr. The exchange of genes between pairs of influenza virus subtypes increased virulence in animal models, including reassortment between subtypes h9n2 and h1n1, between h5n1 and h1n1, and. Table of contents influenza research and treatment hindawi.
Recent discoveries indicate vitamin d upregulates the endogenous antibiotics. Influenza and other respiratory viruses wiley online library. Oie situation report for avian influenza 25 january 2018 2 current global situation as of 25 january 2018 1. Avian influenza viruses bind preferentially to sialyloligosaccharides with an. Pdf determining phenotype from genetic data is a fundamental challenge for virus. Infection of chickens with avian influenza virus poses a global threat to both poultry production and human health that is not adequately controlled by vaccination or by biosecurity measures. Since pandemic influenza virus has its origins in avian influenza viruses, hpai h5n1 virus has to be considered a potentially serious pandemic threat. The who has spent more than six decades monitoring flu. We assessed the effectiveness of various lpm interventions in reducing transmission of h7n9 virus across 5 annual waves during 202018, especially in the final wave.
Int j infect dis 2019 published online sep 6 view at int j infect dis. Historical perspective emergence of influenza a h1n1. While everyone should be vaccinated, it is especially important for children at risk for serious complications of the flu. For those looking for a single, exhaustive reference to help educate or train individuals in dealing with avian influenza, this will be money well spent. Jun 16, 2014 patients were children and adults hospitalized with confirmed influenza and severe acute respiratory illness sari identified through active, prospective, hospitalbased surveillance from 20092012 in south africa. Characteristics of critically ill influenza patients in an intensive. Flu symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose, headache, fatigue, and muscle aches. The present document gives an overview of highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai outbreaks detected in poultry, captive and wild birds and low pathogenic avian influenza lpai outbreaks in poultry and captive birds, as well as human cases due to avian influenza ai reported in and outside europe between 16 may and 15 august 2018.
Here we discover an association between the community structure of the poultry trade network and aiv transmission in china by combining virus genomes and statistical modeling of the poultry trade. This reduced rate of antigenic change, combined with its limited host range ensures that pandemics of influenza b do not occur. A highly pathogenic avian influenza a h5n1 virus has crossed the species barrier to cause deaths in humans in asia and poses an increasing threat of a pandemic. Influenza a h1n1 virus, 2009 online monitoring nejm. This section presents data for the current global epidemics since the reemergence of hpai in domestic birds in 20 compared with previous years. Avian influenza virus surveillance in western alaska. Influenza viruses display host specificity, and avian viruses do not readily infect humans. In addition, i may spread influenza to my patients, other healthcare workers, and my family, even if i have no symptoms. In this study, the authors infected 5monthold cats using 2 different north american shorebird avian influenza viruses h1n9 and h6n4 subtypes, 3 cats per virus, with the goal of expanding the. Avian influenza, sometimes called bird flu, is an infection caused by avian influenza virus h5n1, which occurs naturally among birds. Pneumonia and pandemic influenza a h1n1 virus infection. The survival of influenza ah1n1 pdm09 virus on 4 household surfaces article pdf available in american journal of infection control 424. Important changes in the timing of influenza epidemics in the who european region over the past 20. The epidemiology of influenza swarms with incongruities, incongruities exhaustively detailed by the late british epidemiologist, edgar hopesimpson.
Characterization of avian h3n3 and h1n1 influenza a. Infection by influenza virus a is most common and severe, generally found in humans. With the exception of waves 1 and 4, various lpm interventions. Pathogenesis of avian influenza a h5n1 viruses in ferrets. The section will also welcome the case reports of influenza outbreaks in both. Kirti sabnis, department of infectious diseases and dr. It is an orthomyxovirus that contains the glycoproteins haemagglutinin and neuraminidase. Compared with the number reported for the past 40 years, the number of outbreaks of ai in poultry has increased sharply during the past 5 years. These losses suggest that the strategies and control measures used to combat the disease need improvement, from disease control and animal welfare perspectives. The book, notes the providence journal, stands solidly and eloquently on its own as a work of history and a cautionary tale. Epidemiology of human infections with avian influenza a.
Information for specific groups related to h5 influenza viruses cdc. Avian influenza, known informally as avian flu or bird flu, is a variety of influenza caused by viruses adapted to birds. Suppression of avian influenza transmission in genetically. Influenza virus infection can be prevented by vaccines and can be treated with anti influenza drugs. Between 16 november 2019 and 15 february 2020, 36 highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai ah5n8 virus outbreakswere reported in europe in poultry n34, captive birds n1 and wild birds n2, in poland, hungary, slovakia, romania, germany, czechiaand ukraine,one hpai outbreakcaused by a simultaneous infection with ah5n2 and ah5n8 was reported in poultry in. Hema paul, hospital infection control committee, cmc vellore introduction h1n1 influenza a is a subtype.
Avian influenza overview februaryaugust 2019 ecdc europa eu. This new strain of influenza causes the same illness that is seen with the usual, seasonal flu strains. For these drugs to work best, they need to be started within two days after you get sick with the flu. In the early 20th century, science was sufficiently sophisticated to anticipate that influenza, which had twice reached pandemic proportions in the late 19th century, would recur, but was largely powerless to blunt the devastating impact of the 1918 h1n1 pandemic. The influenza viruses the medical journal of australia. The world health organization who considers the avian influenza ah5n1 virus a public health risk with pandemic potential.
Avian influenza is very contagious among birds, but does not usually infect humans. Avian influenza viruses aivs naturally circulate in wild aquatic birds, such as ducks, geese, swans, gulls, shorebirds, and terns. Interagency strategic plan for avian influenza surveillance in migratory birds the united states government is acutely aware of the threat the highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza viruses poses to our nations public health, agriculture industries, and economy. In 2014, highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai virus of the subtype h5n8 caused disease outbreaks in poultry in asia, europe, and north america. Avian influenza a h5n1 viruses cause severe disease in humans, but the basis for their virulence remains unclear. Pandemic influenza a h1n1 2009 has posed a serious public health challenge worldwide. Journal of the american veterinary medical association 238. Pdf identifying the genetic basis of antigenic change in influenza. In april 2017, three avian influenza h7n9 viruses were isolated from chickens in southern china. In vitro and animal studies indicate that high and disseminated viral. Case series study of the clinical profile of h1n1 swine flu. Inactivation of human and avian influenza viruses by. Avian influenza protecting poultry workers at risk external, osha. The emergence and transmission of avian influenza viruses aivs pose a threat to public health and result in enormous economic losses.
Avian influenza united states pdf ppt case reports. Avian influenza viruses are classified as either low pathogenic also called low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses or highly pathogenic high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the. Avian influenza viruses infect domestic and wild birds causing two main forms of disease. This scientific report provides an overview of highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai virus outbreaks detected in poultry, captive and wild birds and significant low pathogenic avian influenza lpai virus outbreaks in poultry and captive birds, as well as human cases due to avian influenza ai virus reported. It spreads rapidly and affects human population across large geographical region within short period of time with varying degree. Influenza diagnosis clinical and epidemiological characteristics increase of febrile respiratory illness lab isolation of influenza virus from clinical specimen e. Avian influenza viruses are a threat both to global poultry production and to public health. Avian influenza ai, which emerged from the animal reservoir, represents one of the greatest recent concerns for public health. This is the first report of a h9n2 avian influenza virus in resident wild birds in australia, and although not in itself a cause of concern, is a clear indication of spillover and likely reassortment of influenza viruses between migratory and resident birds, and an indication that. Influenza virus belongs to family orthomyxoviridae, and has three types a, b and c. Everyone 6 months of age and older should get flu vaccine this year. The journal is archived in portico and via the lockss initiative, which provides permanent archiving for electronic scholarly journals. Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai subtype h5n1 occurred in poultry in africa for the first time in 2006 following its emergence in asia.
Journal publications by the department for respiratory infections in 2015. Epidemiology of avian influenza h7n9 outbreak in china n engl j med 370. Delayed peak of human infections and ongoing reassortment of h7n9 avian influenza virus in the newly affected western chinese provinces during wave five. Who, cdc and ministry of health and family welfare guidelines. Occasionally mammals, including humans, may contract avian influenza oie, 2003. Angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 protects from lethal avian.
The story of influenza the threat of pandemic influenza. Nepal has started laboratory diagnosis of pandemic influenza ah1n1 from mid june 2009 though active screening of febrile travellers with respiratory symptoms was started from april 27, 2009. Since then, mankind has gained several advantages against the disease. Schoolaged children have the highest attack rates of influenza and are major sources of virus dissemination. We are committed to sharing findings related to covid19 as quickly and safely as possible. Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus. Prescription medications called influenza antivirals can help treat the flu. Influenza viruses cause seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics. This type of influenza mutates at a rate 23 times lower than type a. The influenza viruses section of virology journal will publish articles on all aspects of influenza virus research, including molecular genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, biophysics, structural biology, cell biology, immunology, morphology, and pathogenesis. Jan 18, 2012 influenza is a major public health concern, infecting 515% of the global population annually.
Avian influenza general disease information sheets. I have received education about the effectiveness of influenza vaccination as well. Is the current highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai situation exceptional and why. Avian influenza ai is a viral disease of birds that can be transmitted to other animals including humans. Potential transmission of avian influenza a h5n1 virus to humans.
From december 1999 through april 2003, 50 million birds died or were depopulated after hpai infection in the european union, causing severe economic losses to the private and public sectors. Update of who biosafety risk assessment and guidelines for the production and quality control of human influenza vaccines against avian influenza ah7n9 virus pdf, 609kb 10 may 20 updated on 23 may 20 development and distribution of candidate vaccine viruses for avian influenza ah7n9 pdf, 103kb 2 may 20. Download free medical influenza the flu powerpoint presentation. The potential for avian influenza h5n1 outbreaks has increased in recent years. Influenza a virus subtype h1n1 ah1n1 is the subtype of influenza a virus that was the most common cause of human influenza flu in 2009, and is associated with the 1918 outbreak known as the spanish flu. Various interventions for live poultry markets lpms have emerged to control outbreaks of avian influenza ah7n9 virus in mainland china since march 20. Scientific panel on animal health and animal welfare, 2005 animal health and welfare aspects of avian influenza annex to the efsa journal. Manual of standards for diagnostic tests and vaccines. Bird flu is similar to swine flu, dog flu, horse flu and human flu as an illness caused by strains of influenza viruses that have adapted to a specific host. Commonly known as flu word influenza given by ital. Critically ill patients with influenza ah1n1pdm09 virus. Avian influenza ai virus is one of the most important diseases of the poultry industry around the world. Research in an influenza pandemic emergency medicine journal.
These drugs can help you feel better faster and make the symptoms less intense. Journal of the american veterinary medical association, march 2009 david swaynes book avian influenza is both timely and important. On the epidemiology of influenza virology journal full text. Influenza high impact list of articles ppts journals 6828. Epidemiology of influenza virus types and subtypes in south. A major determinant of this specificity is the difference in cell receptor binding requirements of the ha molecule, and this is determined by differing conformations of carbohydrate nacetylneuraminic acid residues on cell surfaces in different species. Waterfowl are important reservoirs for many subtypes of influenza. Although other books have guided readers through the 1918 pandemic, the great influenza places this tiny lethal virus within a context of international, social, and medical history. Annual report surveillance of influenza and other respiratory.
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